Infectious diseases affecting the nervous system of horses, due to their complexity and potentially negative outcomes, pose a significant challenge in animal production. Understanding these diseases is crucial for ensuring the health and well-being of horses, and this is achieved through an understanding of the anatomical structure and functioning of the nervous and immune systems, which protect against infections threatening the nervous system. Significant pathogens include viruses such as equine herpesvirus, West Nile virus, and equine encephalitis virus, which are usually transmitted by vectors like mosquitoes. These viruses can cause encephalitis, leading to neurological symptoms ranging from mild signs to severe paralysis and death, depending on the virus and the horse's immune response. Bacterial infections like Streptococcus equi and parasitic invasions like protozoal myeloencephalitis also threaten the equine nervous system. These pathogens can severely affect mobility, coordination, and consciousness. The impact of these pathogens extends beyond the individual health of horses to the entire equine industry, sports, and public health. Disease outbreaks can result in economic losses, movement restrictions, and the need for intensive veterinary care. Zoonotic diseases such as West Nile disease highlight the interdependence of animal and human health. Effective treatment and prevention require a comprehensive approach, including vaccination, vector control, early detection, and timely treatment. Continuous research is essential for developing better preventive measures and therapies.