| Abstract | Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi mogućnost primjene digitalnog Brix refraktometra kao jedne od
metoda za mjerenje koncentracije imunoglobulina G (IgG) u kolostrumu krmača nakon usporedbe s
rezultatima dobivenih laboratorijskim pretraživanjem uzoraka kolostruma krmača metodom radijalne
imunodifuzije (RID). Zatim, utvrditi količinu imunoglobulina G (IgG) u sadržaju kolostruma kod krmača 0 h
sata od početka prasenja te utjecaj koncentracije imunoglobulina G (IgG) na zdravstveni status i proizvodna
svojstva prasadi do odbića. Istraživanje je provedeno na 120 plotkinja i nazimica na dvije komercijalne
reprodukcijske farme u istočnoj Hrvatskoj (farma 1 i farma 2) koje se nalaze u sustavu dva različita hibridna
programa (A i B) koje se bave proizvodnjom i uzgojem prasadi za tov do prosječne tjelesne težine od 25 kg.
Od svake krmače, nulti sat od početka prasenja, kroz tri ciklusa uzimanja uzoraka, iz jedne od prednjih sisa
uzeto je (izmuzeno rukom) u sterilnu epruvetu ukupno 10 mL kolostruma za refraktometrijsku analizu.
Kolostrum je odmah nakon uzimanja pohranjen na temperaturi od -20°C. Osim navedenih 640 uzoraka
kolostruma za refraktometriju, prikupljeno je i ukupno 100 uzoraka za radijalnu imunodifuziju (RID),
paralelno s uzorcima za mjerenje pomoću digitalnog Brix refraktometra. Ovi uzorci uzimani su u isto vrijeme
na dvije navedene farme od po 50 uzoraka na svakoj farmi također u 3 navrata od krmača koje su različitog
broja prasenja. Smrznuti uzorci kolostruma korišteni su za laboratorijske analize kojima se utvrđivao
kemijski sastav kolostruma i sadržaj imunoglobulina G (IgG). RID vrijednosti utvrđene u našem istraživanju
kreću se između 60 i 80 g/L. U odnosu na literaturne podatke, naše dobivene vrijednosti nešto su niže, no one
nisu imale negativni učinak na preživljavanje prasadi tijekom prvih dana života. Utvrđene Brix vrijednosti u
kolostrumu krmača kretale su se između 23,6% i 27,7%. Vrijednosti Brixa iznad 22% ukazuju na dobru
kvalitetu kolostruma i dobar sadržaj imunoglobulina G u njemu. Prosječne Brix vrijednosti utvrđene
analizom uzorka kolostruma kroz 8 laktacija na dvije različite farme ukazuju da je kolostrum krmača s farme
A imao nešto više vrijednosti u odnosu na kolostrum krmača s farme B, no te vrijednosti nisu bile statističke
značajne. Zamjetne su neznatno niže Brix vrijednosti u drugoj i trećoj laktaciji, nakon čega je uslijedilo
linearno povećanje vrijednosti, što je u skladu s prethodnim istraživanjima. Usporedba RID i Brix metoda
određivanja sadržaja i koncentracije imunoglobulina G rezultirala je jasnim linearnim odnosom između
dobivenih vrijednosti. Na farmi A koeficijent korelacije između Brix-a i RID-a iznosio je r=0,81, p<0,001, a
na farmi B utvrđen je koeficijent korelacije r=0,75, p<0,001. Uzimajući u obzir visoki koeficijent korelacije,
na temelju predočenog možemo zaključiti da Brix refraktometar pruža prihvatljivu i pouzdanu procjenu IgG
kod kolostruma krmača te se kao takav može koristiti u širokoj praksi. Koncentracije imunoglobulina G
(IgG) u kolostrumu krmača mjerene pomoću digitalnog Brix refraktometra ne razlikuju se od koncentracija
utvrđenih uobičajenim metodama. Nema razlika između jedinki krmača u koncentraciji imunoglobulina G
(IgG) u sadržaju kolostruma neposredno nakon prasenja. Tijekom provedbe istraživanja utvrđena su
proizvodna svojstva krmača, prasadi tijekom dojnog razdoblja te je u istom razdoblju promatran i bilježen
zdravstveni status prasadi. Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između dva različita hibrida krmača na
dvije farme u pogledu svih ispitivanih reproduktivnih i proizvodnih svojstava. Ovi rezultati potvrđuju
činjenicu da se u visoko intenziviranoj svinjogojskoj proizvodnji danas koriste hibridi koji su vrlo slični u
pogledu navedenih svojstava. Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u pogledu broja odbite prasadi,
prosječne težine prasadi pri odbiću, prosječne težine legla kod odbića, kao i prosječnih ostvarenih dnevnih
prirasta između prasadi na obje farme. Između ispitivanih skupina prasadi nisu utvrđene statistički značajne
razlike u pogledu stope oboljenja od pneumonije i proljeva, te u pogledu stope smrtnosti prasadi. Utvrđene
vrijednosti ukazuju na visok stupanj biosigurnosnih i higijenskih mjera koje se provode na farmama
uključenim u istraživanje, budući da je i stopa oboljenja prasadi, kao i smrtnost istih, vrlo niska.
Koncentracija imunoglobulina G (IgG) znatno utječe na zdravstveni status i proizvodna svojstva prasadi do
odbića. Utvrđene vrijednosti sadržaja i koncentracije imunoglobulina G u kolostrumu krmača na obje farme,
te utvrđena proizvodna svojstva i zdravstveni status prasadi, ukazuju na povezanost koncentracije i sadržaja
imunoglobulina G utvrđenih Brix i RID metodom s proizvodnim svojstvima i zdravstvenim statusom prasadi
tijekom dojnog razdoblja. Sve navedeno upućuje da primjena Brix refraktometrije u svinjogojstvu može biti
značajno pomagalo proizvođačima, posebice u najosjetljivijem dijelu proizvodnje, a to je uzgoj prasadi.
Metoda određivanja sadržaja imunogloblina G u kolostrumu krmača ima prednosti u odnosu na druge metode
procjene koncentracije IgG, s obzirom da je Brix refraktometar jeftin, lako dostupan, manje krhak i manje
osjetljiv na varijacije u temperaturi kolostruma, godišnje doba i druge čimbenike, te zahtijeva minimalnu
opremu i obuku. Procjena kolostruma može se obaviti kod same krmače neposredno nakon poroda, čime se
poboljšava vjerojatnost da proizvođači donose pravovaljane i pravovremene odluke na temelju rezultata
ispitivanja. |
| Abstract (english) | The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Digital Brix refractometer as one of the
methods for measuring the concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in sows colostrum after comparing
with the results obtained by laboratory testing of colostrum samples with method of radial immunodiffusion
(RID). Next step was to determine the amount of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in sow colostrum 0 hours of the
start of farrowing and the impact of the concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) on the health status and
production performance of piglets to the weaning. The study was conducted on 120 cows and gilts on two
commercial reproduction farm in eastern Croatia (Farm 1 and Farm 2) that are in the system of two different
hybrid programs (A and B) engaged in the production and breeding of pigs for fattening to the average body
weight of 25 kg. From each sow, during the first hour after the farrowing, through three cycles of sampling,
from one of the front teats were taken (milked by hand) into a sterile test tube of 10 mL of colostrum for
Refractometric analysis. Colostrum was stored immediately after collection at a temperature of -20°C.
Besides the above mentioned 640 samples of colostrum for refractometers there was collected a total of 100
samples for radial immunodiffusion (RID), in parallel with the samples for measurement using a digital Brix
refractometer. These samples were taken at the same time on the following two farms of the 50 samples, on
each farm also in 3 occasions of sows that have different numbers of farrowing. Frozen colostrum samples
were used for laboratory tests in which was determined the chemical composition of colostrum and
immunoglobulin G (IgG). RID values determined in this study was between 60 and 80 g/L. Compared with
the previously published data our values was lower, but they did not have a negative effect on the survival of
piglets during the first days of life. Brix values determined in colostrum of sows were between 23.6% and
27.7%. Brix values above 22% indicate a good quality of colostrum and high concentration of
immunoglobulin G. Average Brix value determined by analyzing a sample of colostrum for 8 lactation at two
different farms indicate that the sows colostrum on the farm A had a slightly higher value compared with the
sows colostrum from farm B, but these values were not statistically significant. Notable are slightly lower
Brix value in the second and third lactation, followed by a linear increase in value, which is consistent with
previous research. Comparison RID and Brix method of determining the content and concentration of
immunoglobulin G resulted in a clear linear relationship between the calculated results. On farm A
correlation coefficient between Brix and RID was r = 0.81, p <0.001 and on the farm B the correlation
coefficient was r = 0.75, p <0.001. Taking into consideration high correlation coefficient, on the basis of a
submitted, we can conclude that Brix refractometer provides affordable and reliable estimate of IgG
concentration in sow colostrum and as such it can be used in wide practice. The concentrations of IgG in sow
colostrum measured by using a digital Brix refractometer does not differ from the concentration determined
by conventional methods. There was no difference between concentrations of IgG in the content of colostrum
from different animals immediately after farrowing. During the research there was determined the production
traits of sows and the piglets during the suckling period and at the same period there was observed and
recorded health status of piglets. There were no statistically significant differences between two different
sows hybrid on the two farms in terms of all determined reproductive and productive parameters. These
results confirm the fact that the highly intensive pig production today uses hybrids that are very similar in
terms of its properties. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of piglets, the average
body weight of piglets at the weaning, the average litter weight at weaning and average daily gain between
pigs at both farms. Between groups of piglets there were no statistically significant differences in rates of
illness from pneumonia and diarrhea, and in terms of mortality rates of piglets. The determined values
indicate on the high level of biosecurity and hygiene measures implemented on farms involved in the survey,
since the rate of disease as well as the mortality rate was very low. The concentration of IgG significantly
affects the health status and production performance of piglets to the weaning. The determined value of the
content and concentration of IgG in the sows colostrum on both farms and established production traits and
health status of piglets, suggest an association between concentration and content of IgG determined by Brix
and RID method with production specifications and the health status of piglets during the suckling period.
This indicates that the application of Brix refractometry can be substantially for the producers, especially in
the most sensitive part of the production, and it is the breeding of the piglets. The method of determined the
content of IgG in the sows colostrum has an advantages over the other methods of assessing the level of IgG,
since the Brix refractometer is inexpensive, readily available, less reliable and less susceptible to variations in
the temperature of colostrum, season and other factors, and requires minimal equipment and training.
Evaluation of colostrum can be conducted at sows directly after the farrowing, which can improve the
possibility for producers for making the valid and timely decisions based on test results. |
